Abbkine announces the release of EliKine™ Human TGF-β1 ELISA Kit

Abbkine Scientific has recently announced the official release of its new product, the EliKine™ Human TGF-β1 ELISA Kit. This is part of the company’s commitment to ensuring an easier and more effective research process. Otherwise known as the Human TGFB1 ELISA Kit, the product is coming as an addition to the long list of research products and solutions from the scientific research giant.

Gene TGF-β is also known as LAP, so the EliKine™ Human TGF-β1 ELISA Kit is often called EliKine™ Human LAP ELISA Kit, the product is one of EliKine™ ELISA Kits, the featured Kit is probably the first of its kind in the industry with features and benefits that distinguish it from other such products on the market. Over the years, scientists, researchers and investigators alike have had to deal with products that are either exorbitantly priced or those that fail to deliver on their claims.

[caption id="attachment_82703" align="alignleft" width="303"] Human TGF-β1 is detected by featured EliKine™ Human TGF-β1 ELISA Kit (KET6030)[/caption]

The recent launch of the research kit by Abbkine Scientific therefore signals a new beginning in the scientific research world, with the major benefit being its high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human TGF-β1.

In addition to the benefit mentioned above, no significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human TGF-β1 and analogues was observed after using the EliKine™ Human TGF-β1 ELISA Kit.

Some of the components of the kit include Human TGF-β1 microplate, Human TGF-β1 standard, Human TGF-β1 detect antibody, EliKine™ Streptavidin-HRP, and Standard diluent. The kit also consists of Assay buffer, HRP substrate, Stop solution, Wash buffer, and Plate covers.

About Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd.

Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd. was founded in 2012. Our mission is to help make research possible by supplying scientists worldwide with the basic research tools necessary for advancing human and animal health. We're devoting to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research, and drug discovery. Abbkine is delighted to offer reproducible and sensitive EliKine ELISA kits for quantification of cytokines, hormones and other proteins with sandwich or competitive ELISA methods, individually.

LinKine™ FITC Labeling Kit becomes a new member to Conjugation kits family

[caption id="attachment_70301" align="alignleft" width="219"] LinKine™ FITC Labeling Kit[/caption]

Abbkine Scientific has launched its brand-new product LinKine™ FITC Labeling Kit recently. This product is designed for preparing FITC conjugates directly from proteins, peptides, and other ligands that contain a free amino group. The high sensitivity and excellent specificity make this product become unique.

Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) is a derivative of fluorescein used in wide-ranging applications including flow cytometry. FITC is the original fluorescein molecule functionalized with an isothiocyanate reactive group (-N=C=S), replacing a hydrogen atom on the bottom ring of the structure. This derivative is reactive towards nucleophiles including amine and sulfhydryl groups on proteins. FITC has excitation and emission spectrum peak wavelengths of approximately 492 nm/520 nm, giving it a green color.

The LinKine™ FITC Labeling Kit is also known as LinKine™ FITC Conjugation Kit which has many irreplaceable benefits. The kit includes purification columns, ensuring rapid and efficient removal of non-reacted dye and excellent protein recovery. Another featured benefit is the Single-use fluors.  The featured FITC Conjugation Kit contains single-use vials of reagent. Since the product has been officially launched to LinKine™ Conjugation kits family, we can hope for the raising sales volume because of its high quality and competitive price.

The Kit consists of three parts- Activated FITC solution, FITC labeling solution, Purification column, which makes the kit easy to use. But you should pay attention to that kit components should be stored at 4˚C for 6 months and the initial concentration of the molecules to be labelled should not less than 2mg/ml. The issue of LinKine™ FITC Labeling Kit is a revolutionary step for Abbkine.

About Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd.

Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd. was founded in 2012. Our mission is to help make research possible by supplying scientists worldwide with the basic research tools necessary for advancing human and animal health. We're devoting to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research, and drug discovery. Abbkine is delighted to offer reproducible and sensitive EliKine ELISA kits for quantification of cytokines, hormones and other proteins with sandwich or competitive ELISA methods, individually.

Abbkine Scientific announces the launch of LinKine™ HRP Labeling Kit

[caption id="attachment_69497" align="alignleft" width="262"] Abbkine's LinKine™ HRP Labelling Kit[/caption]Abbkine is devoted to reform the research tools in life science research field. Providing high quality antibody and assay kit for research use will be our eternal pursuit. With the recently official launch of LinKine™ HRP Labeling Kit, Abbkine is getting closer to this aim. The company has launched the product as a part of its plan to revolutionize the field of life science and scientific research. The LinKine™ HRP Labeling Kit soon becomes one of the best-selling product among Abbkine Kit family.

Abbkine injected a large amount of human and financial resources in this year to develop a series of LinKine™ kits coupling labeling kits, which largely strengthen the core competitiveness of Abbkine products. The features and benefits of this series of kits are obvious. Firstly, it provides an optimized project for experiement. If you obey the standard experiment procedure, depending on the excellent pre-activated dye, Protein ratio and Patent solution formula, you can get the best activity or fluorescence. Secondly, this product is convenient to operate. You can achieve an ideal result normally by three steps, attaching the coupling group to the primary amine site of the antibody or other protein. Thirdly, we can supply customization service especially. By changing the molar ratio, reaction buffer, PH and other parameters, you can arrive at the different levels of coupling and activity. Abbkine holds a strong belief on the innovation and sustainability in this series of products.

As is known to all that horseradish peroxidase also referred to HRP is one of the most important enzymes obtained from a plant source. HRP is an important heme-containing enzyme that has been studied for more than a century. In recent years new information has become available on the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and its catalytic intermediates, mechanisms of catalysis and the function of specific amino acid residues. It continues to attract the attention of researchers from a variety of disciplines because of its practical and commercial applications.

The featured conjugation Kit provides a simple and quick process to conjugate antibodies, peptides, proteinsand other molecules with free amine groups with HRP. This kit is absolutely a powerful supplement to Abbkine kit group. Here we’d like also to mention that horseradish peroxidase is a 44kDa glycoprotein with 6 lysine residues. The enzyme label can be visualized by chromogenic reactions.

The LinKine™ HRP Labeling Kit is mainly composed of three parts-Activated HRP conjugates solution, HRP labeling solution and HRP quencher powder. The featured benefits include High activity HRP, Convenient quantities and so on, which are extremely helpful to scientific research. This product is both high in quality and competitive in price and it deserves buying.

About Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd.

Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd. was founded in 2012. Our mission is to help make research possible by supplying scientists worldwide with the basic research tools necessary for advancing human and animal health. We're devoting to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research, and drug discovery. Abbkine is delighted to offer reproducible and sensitive EliKine ELISA kits for quantification of cytokines, hormones and other proteins with sandwich or competitive ELISA methods, individually.

EliKine™ Human TNF-α ELISA Kit – the latest revolutionary scientific research kit

Human TNF-α ELISA Kit is the latest product from Abbkine Scientific Research Company. As part of the company’s plans to ease the research process and ensure that better results are gotten in record time, the company made the announcement to official launch the Human TNF alpha ELISA Kit on the market.

The ELISA Kit is particularly designed to allow for the easy detection of Human TNF-α. Consequently, investigators, researchers and other such users of the product can easily get their desired results in record time. This also ensures that better results are gotten.

EliKine™ Human TNF-α ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate TNF-α in samples, it has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human TNF-α. No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human TNF-α and analogues was observed.

The recent launch of the Human TNF-α ELISA Kit has been described by many as a revolutionary introduction to the industry. With a high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human TNF-α, the product stands above its peers on the market.

EliKine™ Human TNF alpha ELISA Kit includes Human TNF-α microplate, Human TNF-α standard, Human TNF-α detect antibody, EliKine™ Streptavidin-HRP,  Standard diluen, Assay buffer, HRP substrate, Stop solution, Wash buffer, Plate covers. The kit has a calibration range of 7.8 pg/ml-500 pg/ml and uses the Colorimetric detection method, with a detection limit of 4 pg/mL.

About Abbkine ELISA Kit

Abbkine Inc. is a company founded by a team of scientists and marketing experts in the field of life science. Founded in 2012 and headquartered in China. Our mission is to help make research possible by supplying scientists worldwide with the basic research tools necessary for advancing human and animal health, we newly launched EliKine™ series of ELISA kits exert high sensibility and specificity, with a comprehensive selection of ELISA kits available for the quantification of cytokines, hormones and other proteins, to meet your multiple experiment demands.

Abbkine Scientific announces new release of the EliKine™ Human FSH ELISA Kit

Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd. has announced the official release of its new science research kit, the EliKine™ Human FSH ELISA Kit, designed to ease the research process and ensure investigators are more effective with their operations.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone, it is also called FSH-alpha, FSHA, etc. FSH plays an important role in regulating the development, growth, pubertal maturation and reproductive processes of human being. FSH is often used in the treatment of infertility, especially during IVF. In some cases, it is also used for anovulation and reversal.

The EliKine™ Human FSH ELISA Kit is newly released by Abbkine Scientific which is a leading biotechnology company based in China, it includes Human FSH microplate, Human FSH standard, Human FSH detect antibody, HRP substrate A, HRP substrate B, Stop solution, Wash buffer,Plate covers. The Human FSH Kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detecting human FSH and also has showed no significant cross-reaction or interference between human FSH and analogues.

Other features and benefits of Human FSH ELISA Kit include colorimetric detection method, multiple steps standard sandwich ELISA assay with a working time of 2 to 3 hours and a calibration range of 2 IU/L-70 IU/L.

The FSH kit is only for research use and is not intended for use in human or clinical diagnosis.

About Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd.

Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd. was founded in 2012. Our mission is to help make research possible by supplying scientists worldwide with the basic research tools necessary for advancing human and animal health. We're devoting to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research, and drug discovery. Abbkine is delighted to offer reproducible and sensitive EliKine ELISA kits for quantification of cytokines, hormones and other proteins with sandwich or competitive ELISA methods, individually.

Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody Production Protocol (70-Day)

Standard 70-day rabbit immunization protocol for rabbit polyclonal antibody production

Abbkine has offered polyclonal antibody manufacturing services for more than four decades. Our expertise includes using a variety of different hosts for the development of polyclonal antibodies, including the most commonly used New Zealand white rabbits. Goats, sheep, rats, mouse and donkeys are also often selected.

This 2-Rabbit 70-Day protocol is optimized to produce antiserum in the shortest possible time. It is the most affordable option, popular among individual academic researchers.

The default immunization schedule uses two NZW SPF rabbits (New Zealand White rabbits that are Specific Pathogen-Free); additional rabbits are easily added to the standard order for a modest cost. Injections are subcutaneous (SQ) as emulsions in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) or Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA); alternative adjuvants can be used if requested. Continuation of rabbits after Day 60 is offered on a month-to-month basis. A brief protocol is listed below.

Antigen preparation, such as peptide synthesis and/or immunogen conjugation, occurs before Day 0. Injection amounts are given for a conjugated peptide antigen (e.g., KLH) or protein immunogen; MAP-peptide antigens are injected at 0.5mg throughout. Protocol Days are approximate (± 2 days).

Procedure	Protocol day	Description
Control serum collection	Day 0	Pre-immune bleed (5 mL per rabbit)
Primary injection	Day 1	Immunize with 0.50 mg of antigen in CFA, 10 SQ sites
1st booster	Day 14	Boost with 0.25 mg of antigen in IFA, 4 SQ sites
2nd booster	Day 28	Boost with 0.25 mg of antigen in IFA, 4 SQ sites
Serum collection	Day 35	Bleed (~25 mL per rabbit)
3rd Booster	Day 42	Boost with 0.25 mg of antigen in IFA, 4 SQ sites
Serum collection	Day 56, 58	Two bleeds (~50 mL total per rabbit)
ELISA and shipping	Day 60	ELISA titration (results available online); Verify disposition of rabbits; decide to continue or terminate
Instruction due date	Day 72	If no animal instructions are received, per diem charges will apply
Deliverables (Day 60): 12 vials crude antibody sera 2 vials: 1-2 mL test aliquots pre-immune sera 2 vials: 5 mL per vial pre-immune sera 4 vials: 1-2 mL test aliquots post-inject sera (Day 35 and 58) 4 vials: 20-50 mL per vial bulk post-inject sera (Day 35 and 58)

EliKine™ Human CCL2/MCP-1 ELISA Kit Officially Released by Abbkine

Abbkine Scientific has officially announced the release of its EliKine™ Human CCL2 ELISA Kit. The product also is known as the Human MCP1 ELISA Kit which is unique for its high sensitivity and excellent specificity.

The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and small inducible cytokine A2. Other alternative names include MCP-1, HC11, MCAF, HSMCR30, SMC-CF, GDCF-2, SCYA2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, monocyte secretory protein JE. CCL2 is a small cytokine that belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection. Abbkine newly launched EliKine™ Human CCL2/MCP-1 ELISA Kit exerts high sensibility and specificity for the quantification of Human CCL2/MCP-1 in various samples to CCL2 level determination.

The Human MCP1 ELISA Kit comes with different features and benefits that stand it out from its contemporaries on the market. This ELISA kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate CCL2 in samples, using colorimetric detection method. With a Sandwich ELISA (quantitative) assay type and working duration of between 3 and 5 hours depending on the operator, the kit looks to be a game changer in the industry.

This featured Human CCL2/MCP-1 ELISA Kit components that include Human CCL2 microplate, Avidin-HRP, HRP substrate, Wash buffer, and Stop solution, allows for easy use and manipulation, further endearing it to several investigators and researchers across the world. Our complete, ready-to-use ELISA Kits reduce assay time and variability and are available in either 1 or 10 pre-coated plate options.

About Scientific Co., Ltd.

Abbkine Scientific Co., Ltd. was founded in 2012. Our mission is to help make research possible by supplying scientists worldwide with the basic research tools necessary for advancing human and animal health, We're devoting to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research, and drug discovery. Abbkine is delighted to offer reproducible and sensitive EliKine ELISA kits for quantification of cytokines, hormones and other proteins with sandwich or competitive ELISA methods, individually.

A New Coat Improves DNA Transfection

Gene delivery to primary human cells is a technology of critical interest to both life science research and therapeutic applications. However, poor efficiencies in gene transfer and undesirable safety profiles remain key limitations in advancing this technology. Here, we describe a materials-based approach whereby application of a bioresorbable mineral coating improves microparticle-based transfection of plasmid DNA lipoplexes in several primary human cell types. In the presence of these mineral-coated microparticles (MCMs), we observed up to 4-fold increases in transfection efficiency with simultaneous reductions in cytotoxicity. We identified mechanisms by which MCMs improve transfection, as well as coating compositions that improve transfection in three-dimensional cell constructs. The approach afforded efficient transfection in primary human fibroblasts as well as mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells for both two- and three-dimensional transfection strategies. This MCM-based transfection is an advancement in gene delivery technology, as it represents a non-viral approach that enables highly efficient, localized transfection and allows for transfection of three-dimensional cell constructs.

DNA transfection of mammalian cells is a critical tool for both research and therapeutic purposes, and chemical methods of DNA transfection using cationic lipids or polymers has proven to be a popular and flexible approach. These reagents function by complexing with and then condensing DNA it so that it is small enough to be endocytosed by cells. Their positive charge helps overcome the electrical repulsion between the negatively charged DNA backbone and the cell membrane.
Compared to viral and physical methods of DNA transfection, however, chemical transfection methods have poor efficiencies, can be cytotoxic, and work poorly in 3-D cell cultures due to physical barriers that impede access to the interior cells in the cultures. Now, researchers led by William Murphy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have improved the efficiency of chemical DNA transfection by combining it with the use of mineral-coated microparticles (MCMs).



Plain microparticles help chemical transfection by increasing the interaction of DNA complexes with the cell membrane. Murphy’s team previously demonstrated that they could increase non-viral transfection of primary human cells by using mineral coatings on the cell culture substrate. This suggested that MCMs might better bind to the DNA complexes in solution than uncoated microparticles.

When the team added microparticles coated with calcium phosphate (spiked with sodium fluoride) to plasmid DNA complexed with a cationic lipid (DNA lipoplex), they obtained a four-fold increase in the transfection efficiency of human primary fibroblasts in 2-D culture compared to the soluble DNA lipoplex alone. While part of the increase in transfection efficiency was due to the known binding of DNA lipoplexes by microparticles, the additional increase caused by the mineral coating was not due to increased binding of the DNA lipoplexes by the MCMs compared to the uncoated microparticles, suggesting that some other property of the mineral coating was responsible.

Along with the increase in transfection efficiency, MCM-mediated chemical transfection greatly increased cell viability. At the highest plasmid DNA concentration tested, the use of soluble lipoplex resulted in only 20% cell viability, whereas the addition of MCMs resulted in ~70% cell viability.

MCMs also increased the efficiency of reverse transfection, which is superior to regular transfection for certain difficult-to-transfect cells such as the human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that they tested, and which involvesd DNA delivery from underneath the cell layer before it attaches to the culture substrate.

For a 3-D cell culture model of cell aggregates formed by centrifugation of cells into agarose microwells, soluble DNA lipoplexes showed poor transfection, as expected. However, when DNA lipoplex–treated MCMs were mixed with the cells before aggregation, the resulting aggregates displayed uniform GFP expression from the transfected construct.

Given the active role played by the mineral coating in increasing chemical transfection efficiency by MCMs, the team plans to examine how the composition of the mineral coating enhances its ability to take up and present DNA lipoplexes during transfection.

Reference

Andrew S. Khalil, Xiaohua Yu, Angela W. Xie, Gianluca Fontana, Jennifer M. Umhoefer, Hunter J. Johnson, Tracy A. Hookway, Todd C. McDevitt & William L. Murphy. 2017. Functionalization of microparticles with mineral coatings enhances non-viral transfection of primary human cells. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 14211 (2017) doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14153-x

IFKine™ Orange Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG becomes the new addition to the Abbkine family

Abbkine Scientific Limited has recently announced the launch of its new product - IFKine™ Orange Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG. The Orange dye Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG conjugated antibodies are made to absorb light maximally at 555 nm and fluoresce with a peak around 570 nm. The antibody is brighter than its counterparties like TRITC, Cy3 antibody.

Hosted in donkeys and with mouse reactivity, the antibody’s immunogen is Mouse IgG whole molecule, with applications such as FCM, ICC, and IF. The antibody is polyclonal and is affinity purified using solid phase Mouse IgG (H&L) with finally > 95% purity based on SDS-PAGE.

Available in liquid solution, the antibody reacts with whole molecule mouse IgG. The antibody also reacts with light chains of all other mouse immunoglobulins. The minimization of the antibody’s cross-reaction with human, rabbit, goat, sheep and guinea pig serum proteins helps to reduce non-specific hybrization.

Abbkine IFKine™ is series of unique fluorence staining secondary antibodies with improved brightness, photostability and less nonspecific hybridization and background. The latest generation of IFKine fluorescent dyes ensure the best fluorescent performance, while it’s donkey host and other species of serum/IgG absorbed make IFKine™ secondary antibodies the ideal for use in fluorence staining, especially in fluorence multiple labeling.

About Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd is scientific research company founded in 2012 by number of scientists and marketing experts in the field of life science in California, USA. The company is headquartered in China and has effectively combined cutting edge technology from United States with China's manufacturing engineering and cost advantages to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research and drug discovery.

EliKine™ Human TSH ELISA Kit Review

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, TSH, or hTSH for human TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body. T4 and T3 are indicated in controlling normal development of children, including brain development, and a variety of other functions in the body. People who have too much (hyperthyroidism) or too little (hypothyroidism) of these hormones can develop very serious medical problems. TSH is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid. In 1916, Bennett M. Allen and Philip E. Smith found that the pituitary contained a thyrotropic substance.

EliKine™ Human TSH ELISA Kit adopts a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate TSH in samples. An antibody specific for TSH has been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any TSH present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a HRP conjugated antibody specific for TSH is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of TSH bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured.

As a scientific research worker, I have already known that Abbkine occupies a leading position in antibody research and development. When I heard that Abbkine will launch a series of brand-new EliKine™ ELISA kit, I ordered one without hesitation. To my surprise, EliKine™ Human TSH ELISA Kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human TSH. No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human TSH and analogues was observed. Everything goes smoothly within my project timelines. I believe that this product will also satisfy your concrete research needs perfectly. Abbkine enjoys a sound reputation for its advanced craftsmanship, high quality, attractive price and convenient delivery service. I hold a strong belief that Abbkine will be your primary choice in scientific research. If you trust me, you can order it right now!

ELISA Testing Service

Accelerate cytokines, chemokine, hormones and other proteins validation and detection with proprietary EliKine^TM ELISA Kits within 7 business days.

Why Choose Abbkine ELISA Testing Service for your Research?

•  High quality test tools- EliKine^TM ELISA Kits

EliKine™ series of ELISA kits exert high sensibility and specificity, with a comprehensive selection of ELISA kits available for the quantification of cytokines, chemokine, hormones and other proteins, to meet experiment demands. More features about EliKine^TM ELISA Kits, please visit https://www.abbkine.com/elikine-elisa-kits-new-addition-abbkines-scientific-research-kit-family/.

• Assays optimized for many sample types

We’ve tested our assays extensively in many different sample types. All analytes are validated for use with serum, plasma (EDTA, heparin, citrate) and cell culture supernatant. If you have a sample type we haven’t tried before, just let us know and we can help.

• Services from experienced and trustworthy scientist

Our dedicated ELISA Testing Service staff ensures your samples are treated in full accordance with the contracted study requirements. We provide rapid delivery of results and unsurpassed customer service. Our Testing Service laboratory successfully provides services for contract research organizations, academic groups, government organizations, and pharmaceutical companies.

• Quality assurance and timely delivery

Entrusting our expert personnel with your study samples ensures accurate results that are returned in a timely, efficient, and customized manner under our proven quality management systems. With our team of highly experienced scientists, Abbkine’s service department provides you with data of the highest accuracy and reproducibility.

To obtain an ELISA service quotation, contact us at service@abbkine.com

EliKine™ Human Prolactin ELISA Kit review

Prolactin (gene name PRL) is a secreted neuroendocrine pituitary hormone that acts primarily on the mammary gland to promote lactation, but has pleiotropic effects in both males and females. Prolactin is predominantly found as 199 amino acid, 25 kDa glycosylated and 23 kDa non-glycosylated monomers. Human prolactin shares only 60% and 63% amino acid sequence identity with mouse and rat prolactin, respectively, although rat prolactin can activate the human prolactin receptor. Although better characterized in rodents than humans, post-translational modifcations such as polymerization, glycosylation, and proteolytic cleavage can alter the activities of prolactin.

EliKine™ Human Prolactin ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate Prolactin in samples. An antibody specific for prolactin has been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any prolactin present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a HRP conjugated antibody specific for prolactin is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of prolactin bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured.

EliKine™ Human Prolactin ELISA Kit yielded a robust data set that met current requirements as well as provided a new tool for future use, everything goes well within my project timelines. This was due in large part to the excellent communication and impressive initiative taken by the scientists and product manager who used Abbkine extensive knowledge to find the best solution to my requirements.

EliKine™ Human IL-1β ELISA Kit – the new addition to Abbkine’s scientific research kit family

The EliKine™ Human IL-1β ELISA Kit is one of the latest scientific research products from Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd. The company recently announced the launch of the product, designed to enhance scientific research processes.

The IL-1β is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family, produced by activated macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed to its active form by caspase 1 (CASP1/ICE). Interleukin 1β is an important mediator of the inflammatory response, involved in several cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

Interleukin 1β Elisa kit has human reactivity, employing a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate IL-1β in samples. The IL1B Elisa kit uses colorimetric method of detection, with the suitable samples types being Cell culture supernatants, other biological fluids, Plasma, and Serum.

The components of the kit include:

• Human IL-1β microplate


• Human IL-1β standard


• Human IL-1β detect antibody


• EliKine™ Streptavidin-HRP


• Standard diluent


• Assay buffer


• HRP substrate


• Stop solution


• Wash buffer


• Plate covers.

One of the major features and benefits of the kit is its high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human IL-1β., with no significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human IL-1β and analogues.

About Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd was founded in 2012 by a team of scientists and marketing experts in the life science field in California, USA. Headquartered in China, Abbkine has effectively combined cutting edge technology from United States with China's manufacturing engineering and cost advantages to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research and drug discovery.

EliKine™ Human bFGF ELISA Kit Review

The protein encoded by FGF2 gene is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members bind heparin and possess broad mitogenic and angiogenic activities. This protein has been implicated in diverse biological processes, such as limb and nervous system development, wound healing, and tumor growth. The mRNA for this gene contains multiple polyadenylation sites, and is alternatively translated from non-AUG (CUG) and AUG initiation codons, resulting in five different isoforms with distinct properties. The CUG-initiated isoforms are localized in the nucleus and are responsible for the intracrine effect, whereas, the AUG-initiated form is mostly cytosolic and is responsible for the paracrine and autocrine effects of this FGF.

EliKine™ Human bFGF ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate bFGF in samples. An antibody specific for bFGF has been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any bFGF present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a biotin-conjugated antibody specific for bFGF is added to the wells. After washing, proprietary EliKine™ Streptavidin-HRP conjugates is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound streptavidin-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of bFGF bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured.

I ordered the Human bFGF ELISA Kit from Abbkine and want to detect endogenous bFGF level in human cell culture supernatant. What is surprising is that I received the product just three days later. The technical support is very professional and patient, and they help me search the references and analyze the questions met during the experiment. Finally, I got satisfying results. The kit has high sensitivity and the price is cheaper than other brands. I want to recommend it to my friends.

EliKine™ Human FSH ELISA Kit review

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a glygoprotein produced by the anterior pituitary gland. In the female, FSH stimulates follicular growth, prepares ovarian follicles for action by LH and enhances the LH induced release of estrogen. FSH levels are elevated after menopause, castration and in premature ovarian failure. Although there are significant exceptions ovarian failure is indicated when random FSH concentrations exceed 40 mIU/ml. In the male, FSH stimulates seminiferous tubule and testicular growth and is involved in the early stages of spermatogenesis. Oligospermic males usually have elevated FSH levels. Tumors of the testes generally depress serum FSH concentrations, but levels of LH are elevated. High levels of FSH in men may be found in primary testicular failure and Klinefelter syndrome. Elevated concentrations are also present in cases of starvation, renal failure, hyperthyroidism, and cirrhosis.

EliKine™ Human FSH ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate FSH in samples. An antibody specific for FSH has been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any FSH present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a HRP conjugated antibody specific for FSH is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of FSH bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured.

EliKine™ Human FSH ELISA Kit was designed to detect Human FSH in different kinds of samples, such as Plasma, Serum and other biological fluids. The detect range of this kit is 2 IU/L-70 IU/L and the minimum detection value is 1.0 IU/L. Our test proved the kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human FSH. No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human FSH and analogues was observed. The whole working time of our assay is about 3 hours. Both purchase and test process go well.

Abbkine Scientific announces the launch of EliKine™ Human IL-10 ELISA Kit

The EliKine™ Human IL-10 ELISA Kit otherwise referred to as IL 10 Elisa kit is the newest product from Abbkine Scientific. The company has announced the launch of the product as part of its plan to revolutionize the field of life science and scientific research. This is so as the product designed to enhance and make scientific research processes more effective.

The IL10 Elisa kit, with the protein encoded by IL-10 gene is a cytokine produced primarily by monocytes as well as lymphocytes to a lesser extent. Employing the colorimetric method of detection, the kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate IL-10 in samples as an antibody specific for IL-10 has been pre-coated onto a microplate.

The kit has human reactivity and Sandwich ELISA (quantitative) assay type, with the assay duration being multiple steps standard sandwich ELISA assay with a working time of between 3 and 5 hours. However, the duration is dependent on the experience of the operation person.

Other features and benefits of the CSIF Elisa kit include high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human IL-10 and no significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human IL-10 and analogues. The detection range of the kit is 4.7 pg/ml-300 pg/ml. The minimum detectable dose (MDD) of IL-10 is typically less than 3 pg/ml.

The components of the kit include Human IL-10 microplate, Human IL-10 standard, Human IL-10 detect antibody, EliKine™ Streptavidin-HRP, plate covers, wash buffer and stop solution. Other components are Standard diluent, Assay buffer and HRP substrate.

About Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd was founded in 2012 with the coming together of a team of scientists and marketing experts in the field of life science in California, USA. Headquartered in China, Abbkine has effectively combined cutting edge technology from United States with China's manufacturing engineering and cost advantages to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research and drug discovery.

Abbkine Scientific announces the official launch of EliKine™ Human IL-8 ELISA Kit

Abbkine Scientific has announced the launch of its new product, the EliKine™ Human IL-8 ELISA Kit. The scientific research giant released the product to enhance research processes and help scientific researchers get results faster and easier.

The protein encoded by IL-8 gene is a member of the CXC chemokine family. As one of the major mediators of the inflammatory response, the chemokine is secreted by several cell types. It functions as a chemoattractant as well as a potent angiogenic factor.

The IL 8 Elisa kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate IL-8 in samples. The kit also employs a colorimetric detection method, with sample type including Cell culture supernatants, other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum.

Otherwise known as NAF Elisa kit, the kit’s assay type is Sandwich ELISA (quantitative) and assay duration of multiple steps standard sandwich ELISA assay with a working time of between 3 and 5 hours depending on the experience of the operation person.

The IL8 Elisa kit comes with different features and benefits. One of such benefits is the kit’s high sensitivity and excellent specificity to detect Human IL-8. Detection range: 3.9 pg/ml-250 pg/ml. The minimum detectable dose (MDD) of Human IL8 is typically less than 2 pg/ml. Another benefit of the kit is that it has no significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human IL-8 and analogues.

About Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd is scientific research company that was founded in 2012 by a team of scientists and marketing experts in the field of life science in California, USA. The company is headquartered in China and has effectively combined innovative technology from United States with China's manufacturing engineering and cost advantages to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research and drug discovery.

EliKine™ Human EGF ELISA Kit review

EGF encodes a member of the epidermal growth factor superfamily. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the 53-amino acid epidermal growth factor peptide. The protein acts a potent mitogenic factor that plays an important role in the growth, proliferation and differentiation of numerous cell types. During development, EGF regulates thymocyte differentiation, neuroglia production, and adipocyte maturation. In the adult, EGF plays a role in mammary gland lactogenesis, fibroblast mitosis, dissociation of the extracellular matrix, and cell migration. EGF stimulates the growth of various epidermal and epithelial tissues in vivo and in vitro and of some fibroblasts in cell culture. EGF is proposed to affect growth and/or differentiation of many other fetal and adult tissues.

Human EGF ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate EGF in samples. An antibody specific for EGF has been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any EGF present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a biotin-conjugated antibody specific for EGF is added to the wells. After washing, proprietary EliKine™ Streptavidin-HRP conjugates is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound streptavidin-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of EGF bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured.

Following the suggestion of my friend, I purchased the EliKine™ Human EGF ELISA Kit from Abbkine. I have to say this is a trustworthy brand. I detected the CD54 in the serum sample. Experiments showed that Abbkine ELISA kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity. No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human EGF and analogues was observed. The standard curve is very perfect. I really appreciate this experience, and I will continue to support Abbkine products.

EliKine™ Human LH ELISA Kit review

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced in both men and women from the anterior pituitary gland in response to luteinizing hormonereleasing hormone (LH-RH or Gn-RH), that is released by the hypothalamus. LH, also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in men, is glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 30,000 Dalton. LH stimulates ovulation and ovarian steroid production in the female. In the male, LH controls Leydig cell secretion of testosterone. LH is elevated in Luteal phase of menstrual cycle, primary hypogonadism, Gonadotropin-secreting pituitary tumors and menopause. LH is deceased in hypothalamic Gn-RH deficiency, pituitary LH deficiency and ectopic steroid production.

EliKine™ Human LH ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate LH in samples. An antibody specific for LH has been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any LH present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a HRP conjugated antibody specific for LH is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of LH bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured.

EliKine™ Human LH ELISA Kit was purchased to detect Luteinizing hormone in human serum. Abbkine suggested the detect range of this kit is 2 IU/L-75 IU/L and the limit of detection is 0.5 IU/L. Thanks for the help of their technical staff, we got a good result. No significant cross-reactivity or interference was found. The strip microplate is also very convenient for users. Overall, this is a very good experience.

How cancer cells communicate at long range in vivo?

Topics overview: How cancer cells communicate at long range in vivo, Aberrant DNA Methylation in Colorectal Cancer, JARID1 Histone Demethylases, How To Fine-Tune Cancer Immunotherapy, Methods and Applications of CRISPR-Mediated Base Editing.

1. Imaging Tunneling Membrane Tubes Elucidates Cell Communication in Tumors

Intercellular communication is a vital yet underdeveloped aspect of cancer pathobiology. This Opinion article reviews the importance and challenges of microscopic imaging of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) in the complex tumor microenvironment. The use of advanced microscopy to characterize TNTs in vitro and ex vivo, and related extensions called tumor microtubes (TMs) reported in gliomas in vivo, has propelled this field forward. This topic is important because the identification of TNTs and TMs fills the gap in our knowledge of how cancer cells communicate at long range in vivo, inducing intratumor heterogeneity and resistance to treatment. Here Emil Lou at University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, USA and his colleagues discuss the concept that TNTs/TMs fill an important niche in the ever-changing microenvironment and the role of advanced microscopic imaging to elucidate that niche.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/trends/cancer/abstract/S2405-8033(17)30158-9

2. Aberrant DNA Methylation in Colorectal Cancer: What Should We Target?

Colorectal cancers (CRCs) are characterized by global hypomethylation and promoter-specific DNA methylation. A subset of CRCs with extensive and co-ordinate patterns of promoter methylation has also been identified, termed the CpG-island methylator phenotype. Some genes methylated in CRC are established tumor suppressors; however, for the majority, direct roles in disease initiation or progression have not been established. Herein, Janson W.T. Tse at Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute in Melbourne, Australia and his colleagues examine functional evidence of specific methylated genes contributing to CRC pathogenesis, focusing on components of commonly deregulated signaling pathways. They also review current knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning promoter methylation in CRC, including genetic events, altered transcription factor binding, and DNA damage. Finally, they summarize clinical trials of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in CRC, and propose strategies for enhancing their efficacy.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/trends/cancer/fulltext/S2405-8033(17)30160-7

3. JARID1 Histone Demethylases: Emerging Targets in Cancer

JARID1 proteins are histone demethylases that both regulate normal cell fates during development and contribute to the epigenetic plasticity that underlies malignant transformation. This H3K4 demethylase family participates in multiple repressive transcriptional complexes at promoters and has broader regulatory effects on chromatin that remain ill-defined. There is growing understanding of the oncogenic and tumor suppressive functions of JARID1 proteins, which are contingent on cell context and the protein isoform. Their contributions to stem cell-like dedifferentiation, tumor aggressiveness, and therapy resistance in cancer have sustained interest in the development of JARID1 inhibitors. Here Kayla M. Harmeyer at University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, USA and her colleagues review the diverse and context-specific functions of the JARID1 proteins that may impact the utilization of emerging targeted inhibitors of this histone demethylase family in cancer therapy.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/trends/cancer/fulltext/S2405-8033(17)30161-9

4. Learning from the Proteasome: How To Fine-Tune Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as a forefront strategy to fight cancer. Key players in antitumor responses are CD8⁺ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that can detect tumor cells that carry antigens, in other words, small peptides bound to surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The success and safety of cancer immunotherapy strategies depends on the nature of the antigens recognized by the targeted T cells, their strict tumor specificity, and whether tumors and antigen-presenting cells can efficiently process the peptide. Nathalie Vigneron at Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research in Brussels, Belgium and her colleagues review here the nature of the tumor antigens and their potential for the development of immunotherapeutic strategies. They also discuss the importance of proteasome in the production of these peptides in the context of immunotherapy and therapeutic cancer vaccines.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/trends/cancer/fulltext/S2405-8033(17)30155-3

5. Methods and Applications of CRISPR-Mediated Base Editing in Eukaryotic Genomes

The past several years have seen an explosion in development of applications for the CRISPR-Cas9 system, from efficient genome editing, to high-throughput screening, to recruitment of a range of DNA and chromatin-modifying enzymes. While homology-directed repair (HDR) coupled with Cas9 nuclease cleavage has been used with great success to repair and re-write genomes, recently developed base-editing systems present a useful orthogonal strategy to engineer nucleotide substitutions. Base editing relies on recruitment of cytidine deaminases to introduce changes (rather than double-stranded breaks and donor templates) and offers potential improvements in efficiency while limiting damage and simplifying the delivery of editing machinery. At the same time, these systems enable novel mutagenesis strategies to introduce sequence diversity for engineering and discovery. Here, Michael C. Bassik at Stanford University in Stanford, USA and his colleagues review the different base-editing platforms, including their deaminase recruitment strategies and editing outcomes, and compare them to other CRISPR genome-editing technologies. Additionally, they discuss how these systems have been applied in therapeutic, engineering, and research settings. Lastly, they explore future directions of this emerging technology.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/fulltext/S1097-2765(17)30707-4

EliKine™ Human β-hCG ELISA Kit review

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by trophoblastic cells of the placenta beginning 10 to 12 days after conception. Maintenance of the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy requires the production of hCG, which binds to the corpus luteum of the ovary which is stimulated to produce progesterone which in turn maintains the secretory endometrium. hCG is present only in trace amounts in non pregnant urine and sera. It rises sharply during pregnancy. HCG is composed of two non identical, non covalently linked polypeptide chains designated as the a and b subunits.

EliKine™ Human β-hCG ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate β-hCG in samples. An antibody specific for β-hCG has been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any β-hCG present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a HRP conjugated antibody specific for β-hCG is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of β-hCG bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured.

EliKine™ Human β-hCG ELISA Kit has high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human β-hCG in Plasma, Serum and other biological fluids samples. No significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human β-hCG and analogues was observed. The detection range is 8 IU/L-240 IU/L and the minimum detectable dose (MDD) of Human β-hCG is typically less than 2.0 IU/L. Compared to other brand, this kit is cost-effective.

Tumor lymphangiogenesis promotes T cell infiltration and potentiates immunotherapy in melanoma

Topics overview: VEGF-C as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy response, peptide probes could become an early diagnostic strategy, hiPSC-EPO cells may be a useful tool for clarifying the mechanisms of EPO production, rapid antigen tests for dengue virus serotypes and Zika virus, integrated hepatitis B virus DNA is a source of HBsAg.

1. Tumor lymphangiogenesis promotes T cell infiltration and potentiates immunotherapy in melanoma

In melanoma, vascular endothelial growth factor–C (VEGF-C) expression and consequent lymphangiogenesis correlate with metastasis and poor prognosis. VEGF-C also promotes tumor immunosuppression, suggesting that lymphangiogenesis inhibitors may be clinically useful in combination with immunotherapy. Manuel Fankhauser at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) in Lausanne, Switzerland and his colleagues addressed this concept in mouse melanoma models with VEGF receptor–3 (VEGFR-3)–blocking antibodies and unexpectedly found that VEGF-C signaling enhanced rather than suppressed the response to immunotherapy. They further found that this effect was mediated by VEGF-C–induced CCL21 and tumor infiltration of naïve T cells before immunotherapy because CCR7 blockade reversed the potentiating effects of VEGF-C. In human metastatic melanoma, gene expression of VEGF-C strongly correlated with CCL21 and T cell inflammation, and serum VEGF-C concentrations associated with both T cell activation and expansion after peptide vaccination and clinical response to checkpoint blockade. They propose that VEGF-C potentiates immunotherapy by attracting naïve T cells, which are locally activated upon immunotherapy-induced tumor cell killing, and that serum VEGF-C may serve as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy response.

Read more, please click http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/407/eaal4712

2. Peptide probes detect misfolded transthyretin oligomers in plasma of hereditary amyloidosis patients

Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that soluble misfolded protein assemblies contribute to the degeneration of postmitotic tissue in amyloid diseases. However, there is a dearth of reliable nonantibody-based probes for selectively detecting oligomeric aggregate structures circulating in plasma or deposited in tissues, making it difficult to scrutinize this hypothesis in patients. Hence, understanding the structure-proteotoxicity relationships driving amyloid diseases remains challenging, hampering the development of early diagnostic and novel treatment strategies. Joseph D. Schonhoft at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, USA and his colleagues report peptide-based probes that selectively label misfolded transthyretin (TTR) oligomers circulating in the plasma of TTR hereditary amyloidosis patients exhibiting a predominant neuropathic phenotype. These probes revealed that there are much fewer misfolded TTR oligomers in healthy controls, in asymptomatic carriers of mutations linked to amyloid polyneuropathy, and in patients with TTR-associated cardiomyopathies. The absence of misfolded TTR oligomers in the plasma of cardiomyopathy patients suggests that the tissue tropism observed in the TTR amyloidoses is structure-based. Misfolded oligomers decrease in TTR amyloid polyneuropathy patients treated with disease-modifying therapies (tafamidis or liver transplant–mediated gene therapy). In a subset of TTR amyloid polyneuropathy patients, the probes also detected a circulating TTR fragment that disappeared after tafamidis treatment. Proteomic analysis of the isolated TTR oligomers revealed a specific patient-associated signature composed of proteins that likely associate with the circulating TTR oligomers. Quantification of plasma oligomer concentrations using peptide probes could become an early diagnostic strategy, a response-to-therapy biomarker, and a useful tool for understanding structure-proteotoxicity relationships in the TTR amyloidoses.

Read more, please click http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/407/eaam7621

3. Human pluripotent stem cell–derived erythropoietin-producing cells ameliorate renal anemia in mice

The production of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys, a principal hormone for the hematopoietic system, is reduced in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), eventually resulting in severe anemia. Although recombinant human EPO treatment improves anemia in patients with CKD, returning to full red blood cell production without fluctuations does not always occur. Hirofumi Hitomi at Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University in Kyoto, Japan and his colleagues established a method to generate EPO-producing cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by modifying previously reported hepatic differentiation protocols. These cells showed increased EPO expression and secretion in response to low oxygen conditions, prolyl hydroxylase domain–containing enzyme inhibitors, and insulin-like growth factor 1. The EPO protein secreted from hiPSC-derived EPO-producing (hiPSC-EPO) cells induced the erythropoietic differentiation of human umbilical cord blood progenitor cells in vitro. Furthermore, transplantation of hiPSC-EPO cells into mice with CKD induced by adenine treatment improved renal anemia. Thus, hiPSC-EPO cells may be a useful tool for clarifying the mechanisms of EPO production and may be useful as a therapeutic strategy for treating renal anemia.

Read more, please click http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/409/eaaj2300

4. Rapid antigen tests for dengue virus serotypes and Zika virus in patient serum

The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak demonstrates that cost-effective clinical diagnostics are urgently needed to detect and distinguish viral infections to improve patient care. Unlike dengue virus (DENV), ZIKV infections during pregnancy correlate with severe birth defects, including microcephaly and neurological disorders. Because ZIKV and DENV are related flaviviruses, their homologous proteins and nucleic acids can cause cross-reactions and false-positive results in molecular, antigenic, and serologic diagnostics. Irene Bosch at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, USA and her colleagues report the characterization of monoclonal antibody pairs that have been translated into rapid immunochromatography tests to specifically detect the viral nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein antigen and distinguish the four DENV serotypes (DENV1–4) and ZIKV without cross-reaction. To complement visual test analysis and remove user subjectivity in reading test results, they used image processing and data analysis for data capture and test result quantification. Using a 30-μl serum sample, the sensitivity and specificity values of the DENV1–4 tests and the pan-DENV test, which detects all four dengue serotypes, ranged from 0.76 to 1.00. Sensitivity/specificity for the ZIKV rapid test was 0.81/0.86, respectively, using a 150-μl serum input. Serum ZIKV NS1 protein concentrations were about 10-fold lower than corresponding DENV NS1 concentrations in infected patients; moreover, ZIKV NS1 protein was not detected in polymerase chain reaction–positive patient urine samples. Their rapid immunochromatography approach and reagents have immediate application in differential clinical diagnosis of acute ZIKV and DENV cases, and the platform can be applied toward developing rapid antigen diagnostics for emerging viruses.

Read more, please click http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/409/eaan1589

5. RNAi-based treatment of chronically infected patients and chimpanzees reveals that integrated hepatitis B virus DNA is a source of HBsAg

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health concern worldwide, frequently leading to liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Evidence suggests that high viral antigen load may play a role in chronicity. Production of viral proteins is thought to depend on transcription of viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). In a human clinical trial with an RNA interference (RNAi)–based therapeutic targeting HBV transcripts, ARC-520, HBV S antigen (HBsAg) was strongly reduced in treatment-naïve patients positive for HBV e antigen (HBeAg) but was reduced significantly less in patients who were HBeAg-negative or had received long-term therapy with nucleos(t)ide viral replication inhibitors (NUCs). HBeAg positivity is associated with greater disease risk that may be moderately reduced upon HBeAg loss. The molecular basis for this unexpected differential response was investigated by Christine I. Wooddell at Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals in Madison, USA and his colleagues in chimpanzees chronically infected with HBV. Several lines of evidence demonstrated that HBsAg was expressed not only from the episomal cccDNA minichromosome but also from transcripts arising from HBV DNA integrated into the host genome, which was the dominant source in HBeAg-negative chimpanzees. Many of the integrants detected in chimpanzees lacked target sites for the small interfering RNAs in ARC-520, explaining the reduced response in HBeAg-negative chimpanzees and, by extension, in HBeAg-negative patients. Their results uncover a heretofore underrecognized source of HBsAg that may represent a strategy adopted by HBV to maintain chronicity in the presence of host immunosurveillance. These results could alter trial design and endpoint expectations of new therapies for chronic HBV.

Read more, please click http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/409/eaan0241

EliKine™ Human TGF-β1 ELISA Kit review

TGF-β is capable of producing a variety of effects and virtually all cell types respond to this factor in some way. The inappropriate presence of active TGF-β1 has been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions Because of the necessity for regulating its activity tightly, TGF-β is secreted by cells in the form of an inactive complex. This complex consists of TGF-β1 associated non-covalently with a protein designated the latency associated peptide (LAP). TGF-β1 and LAP represent components of a pro-peptide that is cleaved in a post-golgi compartment prior to secretion. LAP and TGF-β1 each consist of a disulfide-linked homodimer and the association of these two components renders TGF-β1 inactive and inaccessible to anti-TGF-β antibodies.

EliKine™ Human TGF-β1 ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate TGF-β1 in samples. An antibody specific for TGF-β1 has been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any TGF-β1 present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a biotin-conjugated antibody specific for TGF-β1 is added to the wells. After washing, proprietary EliKine™ Streptavidin-HRP conjugates is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound streptavidin-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of TGF-β1 bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured.

EliKine™ Human TGF-β1 ELISA Kit was used to detect TGFB1 in Human serum. It meets our requirements very well. The detection range of this kit is from 15.625 pg/ml to 1000 pg/ml. The minimum detectable dose of Human TGFB1 is typically less than 8 pg/mL. No significant cross-reactivity or interference was found during the test. The design of 12 strips of 8 wells 96 well polystyrene microplates is very flexible. The unused wells can be stored at 2-8 ˚C for up to one month. The staffs are very professional and they reply timely.

EliKine™ ELISA kits – the new addition to Abbkine’s scientific research kit family

EliKine™ series of ELISA kits are the latest scientific research products from Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd. The company recently announced the launch of EliKine™ ELISA kits, designed to enhance scientific research processes. EliKine™ series of ELISA kits exert high sensibility and specificity, with a comprehensive selection of ELISA kits available for the quantification of cytokines, hormones and other proteins, to meet experiment demands. The kits use colorimetric method of detection, suitable for multiple samples types-Plasma, Serum, Cell culture supernatants and other biological fluids.

EliKine sandwich ELISA kits depend on paired capture and biotinylated detection antibodies, which are both specific to the antigen with different epitopes, while competitive ELISA kits employ the competitive inhibition enzyme immunoassay technique with featured and specific detection antibodies. Exclusive EliKine™ streptavidin-HRP conjugate, and HRP substrate with other optimal components make EliKine portfolio be one of the best and most economical choices for ELISA assay researchers. The complete, ready-to-use ELISA Kits reduce assay time and are available in either 1 or 10 pre-coated plate options.

EliKine™ ELISA kits have several features which are unique and distinguish from others. The features of EliKine™ ELISA kits are highlighted below:

• High efficiency, sensibility and specificity


• Optimized proposal for high repeatability, more stable


• 8 test pre-coated package for easy entrance


• Strip microplate format with greater flexibility


• Suitable for multiple types of samples


• Professional technical support and after-sales service

Components of EliKine™ Sandwich ELISA Kits include:

• 96-well strip microplate pre-coated with capture antibody


• Biotinylated detect antibody


• Analyte standard


• EliKine™ streptavidin-HRP conjugate


• Standard diluent


• Assay buffer


• HRP substrate


• Stop solution


• Wash buffer


• Plate cover

Other information about EliKine™ ELISA kits and other research products from Abbkine can be found on www.abbkine.com.

About Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd was founded in 2012 by a team of scientists and marketing experts in the life science field in California, USA. Headquartered in China, Abbkine has effectively combined cutting edge technology from United States with China's manufacturing engineering and cost advantages to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research and drug discovery.

EliKine™ Human IL-6 ELISA Kit joins the Abbkine Scientific family

IL-6 gene encodes a cytokine, which functions in inflammation as well as the maturation of B cells. This is in addition to the encoded protein being shown to be an endogenous pyrogen capable of inducing fever in people with autoimmune diseases or infections. The - IL 6 Elisa kit is designed having the researcher or investigator in mind.

With human reactivity and colorimetric method of detection and limit of detection of 2 pg/mL, the kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate IL-6 in samples. The BSF2 Elisa kit as it is also referred to as has a calibration range of 3.125 pg/ml-200 pg/ml.

The IL6 Elisa kit has multiple steps standard sandwich ELISA assay with a working time of 3-5 hours, depending on the experience of the operation person. The sample type includes Cell culture supernatants, other biological fluids, Plasma, Serum.

The features and benefits of the kit include its high sensitivity and excellent specificity for detection of Human IL-6. The kit also has no significant cross-reactivity or interference between Human IL-6 and analogues.

Components of the kits include:

• Human IL-6 microplate


• Human IL-6 standard


• Human IL-6 detect antibody


• EliKine™ Streptavidin-HRP


• Standard diluent


• Assay buffer


• HRP substrate


• Stop solution


• Wash buffer


• Plate covers

Other information about the kit and other research products from Abbkine can be found on the company’s website.

About Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd was founded in 2012. The company set up by a number of scientists and marketing experts in the field of life science in California, USA. The company is headquartered in China and has combined innovative technology from United States with China's manufacturing engineering and cost advantages, providing high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research and drug discovery.

EliKine™ Human CRP ELISA Kit Review

C-Reactive Protein (CRP), also known as Pentraxin 1, is a secreted pentameric protein that functions as a sensor and activator for the innate immune response. In humans, it is a major acute-phase protein; its circulating concentration is dramatically elevated at the onset of inflammation. In mice, however, serum CRP levels increase only slightly during inflammation, and the analogous acute phase role is filled by Pentraxin 2. CRP binds, opsonizes, and induces the phagocytosis of bacteria and apoptotic cells. It regulates activation of the classical complement pathway by binding several proteins in the complement cascade as well as Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RIIA, and Fc gamma RIIB on macrophages and dendritic cells. It also promotes dendritic cell maturation and humoral immunity. In cardiovascular disease, CRP binds to oxidized LDL, exacerbates tissue damage in myocardial infarction, and inhibits the repair of injured vascular endothelium.

EliKine™ Human CRP ELISA Kit employs a two-site sandwich ELISA to quantitate CRP in samples. An antibody specific for CRP has been pre-coated onto a microplate. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any CRP present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After removing any unbound substances, a biotin-conjugated antibody specific for CRP is added to the wells. After washing, proprietary EliKine™ Streptavidin-HRP conjugates is added to the wells. Following a wash to remove any unbound streptavidin-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution is added to the wells and color develops in proportion to the amount of CRP bound in the initial step. The color development is stopped and the intensity of the color is measured.

An accidental opportunity, I found Abbkine ELISA Kit. For first time, I just want to try it. I ordered the Human CRP ELISA Kit from Abbkine and want to detect endogenous CCL3 level in human cell culture supernatant. Quite unexpectedly, it brings me a good experience. The delivery time is very short. The experiment went well and I got satisfying results. The kit has high sensitivity and the price is cheaper than other brands. I want to recommend it to my friends.

Review of IDE Monoclonal Antibody

Abbkine Scientific is a renowned research and life science company, offering several research solutions to investigators and researchers across the globe. The brand has grown to become one of the trusted names in the field of life science research, thanks to its innovative research tools and products. The Chinese based scientific research company recently announced the official launch of its new product – the IDE Monoclonal Antibody.

The IDE Monoclonal Antibody also referred to as IDE antibody or Insulin-degrading enzyme antibody follows the trend of premium quality and efficiency the Abbkine brand is known for. The Insulin protease antibody like its counterparts from the scientific research giant is designed to simplify and enhance research processes, consequently helping to achieve more results.

The IDE Monoclonal Antibody has been scrutinized by several people, with scientific researchers and investigators particularly reviewing the product. A more comprehensive review of the newly-launched IDE Monoclonal Antibody is done below.

Background of IDE Monoclonal Antibody

IDE encodes a zinc metallopeptidase, which degrades intracellular insulin, subsequently terminating insulin activity. It also participates in intercellular peptide signaling by degrading diverse peptides like glucagon, amylin, bradykinin, and kallidin. The preferential affinity of insulin degrading enzyme for insulin leads to insulin-mediated inhibition of the degradation of other peptides such as beta-amyloid. However, deficiencies in the function of this protein are associated with Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, mutations in IDE have not been discovered to be the cause for these diseases. Insulin degrading enzyme localizes primarily to the cytoplasm but in some cell types, localizes to the extracellular space, peroxisome, cell membrane as well as mitochondrion. Alternative splicing will result in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. Additional transcript variants have been described however, have not been experimentally verified.

Features of the IDE Monoclonal Antibody

The IDE Monoclonal Antibody has several features. Some of the features it shares with its counterparts, while others are unique to the antibody and distinguish it from others.

The features of IDE Monoclonal Antibody are highlighted below:

• Immunogen - Synthetic Peptide


• Host – Mouse


• Reactivity – Human


• Applications – IF, IHC-p, WB


• Colonality – Monoclonal


• Isotype – Mouse IgG1


• Formulation – liquid solution


• Concentration – 1 mg/ml


• Storage buffer – PBS, pH 7.4, containing 0.02% sodium azide as Preservative and 50% Glycerol

Pros of IDE Monoclonal Antibody

The product has been identified to have several pros, especially when compared with its counterparts from other manufacturers. The durability of the product is one of such pros. This is so as it lasts for as long as one year at -20°C from date of shipment if stored under the right condition.

The product’s availability in a liquid solution with flexible dilutions also helps investigators and researchers alike in terms of flexibility.

The antibody is also reported to be affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen.

Cons of IDE Monoclonal Antibody

There is currently no report of negative effects from the use of IDE Monoclonal Antibody. However, it is worth noting that the manufacturers have warned against the use of the product for human or clinical diagnosis, as it is strictly for research purposes only.

Conclusion

The IDE Monoclonal Antibody is another great product from Abbkine Scientific Company Limited. It tends to satisfy the needs of most scientific investigators and researchers.

Structural basis of MsbA-mediated lipopolysaccharide transport

Topics overview: Type II CRISPR–Cas and Cas1–Cas2-mediated spacer, right-handed signalling pathway, how MC1R activity is modulated by ultraviolet irradiation, how ILC2 responses are regulated by other stimuli, MsbA-mediated lipopolysaccharide transport.

1. How type II CRISPR–Cas establish immunity through Cas1–Cas2-mediated spacer integration

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) and the nearby cas (CRISPR-associated) operon establish an RNA-based adaptive immunity system in prokaryotes. Molecular memory is created when a short foreign DNA-derived prespacer is integrated into the CRISPR array as a new spacer. Whereas the RNA-guided CRISPR interference mechanism varies widely among CRISPR-Cas systems, the spacer integration mechanism is essentially identical. The conserved Cas1 and Cas2 proteins form an integrase complex consisting two distal Cas1 dimers bridged by a Cas2 dimer in the middle. The prespacer is bound by Cas1-Cas2 as a dual forked DNA, and the terminal 3’-OH of each 3’-overhang serves as an attacking nucleophile during integration. Importantly, the prespacer is preferentially integrated into the leader-proximal region of the CRISPR array, guided by the leader sequence and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) inside the CRISPR repeat. Spacer integration in the most well-studied Escherichia coli Type I-E CRISPR system further relies on the bacterial Integration Host Factor (IHF). In Type II-A CRISPR, however, Cas1-Cas2 alone integrates spacer efficiently in vitro; other Cas proteins (Cas9 and Csn2) play accessory roles in prespacer biogenesis. Focusing on the Enterococcus faecalis Type II-A system, here Yibei Xiao at Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University in New York, USA and his colleagues report four structure snapshots of Cas1-Cas2 during spacer integration. EfaCas1-Cas2 selectively binds to a splayed 30-bp prespacer bearing 4-nt 3’-overhangs. Three molecular events take place upon encountering a target: Cas1-Cas2/prespacer first searches for half-sites stochastically, then preferentially interacts with the leader-side CRISPR repeat and catalyzes a nucleophilic attack that connects one strand of the leader-proximal repeat to the prespacer 3’-overhang. Recognition of the spacer half-site requires DNA bending and leads to full integration. The team derive a mechanistic framework explaining the stepwise spacer integration process and the leader-proximal preference.

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2. A right-handed signalling pathway drives heart looping in vertebrates

Most animals show external bilateral symmetry, which hinders the observation of multiple internal left–right (L/R) asymmetries that are fundamental to organ packaging and function. In vertebrates, left identity is mediated by the left-specific Nodal–Pitx2 axis that is repressed on the right-hand side by the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer Snail1 . Despite some existing evidence, it remains unclear whether an equivalent instructive pathway provides right-hand-specific information to the embryo. Here Oscar H. Ocaña at Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH) in Alicante, Spain and his colleagues show that, in zebrafish, BMP mediates the L/R asymmetric activation of another EMT inducer, Prrx1a, in the lateral plate mesoderm with higher levels on the right. Prrx1a drives L/R differential cell movements towards the midline, leading to a leftward displacement of the cardiac posterior pole through an actomyosin-dependent mechanism. Downregulation of Prrx1a prevents heart looping and leads to mesocardia. Two parallel and mutually repressed pathways, respectively driven by Nodal and BMP on the left and right lateral plate mesoderm, converge on the asymmetric activation of the transcription factors Pitx2 and Prrx1, which integrate left and right information to govern heart morphogenesis. This mechanism is conserved in the chicken embryo, and in the mouse SNAIL1 acts in a similar manner to Prrx1a in zebrafish and PRRX1 in the chick. Thus, a differential L/R EMT produces asymmetric cell movements and forces, more prominent from the right, that drive heart laterality in vertebrates, the authors suggest.

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3. Palmitoylation-dependent activation of MC1R prevents melanomagenesis

The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R), a G-protein-coupled receptor, has a crucial role in human and mouse pigmentation. Activation of MC1R in melanocytes by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)stimulates cAMP signalling and melanin production and enhances DNA repair after ultraviolet irradiation. Individuals carrying MC1R variants, especially those associated with red hair colour, fair skin and poor tanning ability (denoted as RHC variants), are associated with higher risk of melanoma. However, how MC1R activity is modulated by ultraviolet irradiation, why individuals with red hair are more prone to developing melanoma, and whether the activity of RHC variants might be restored for therapeutic benefit are unknown. Here Shuyang Chen at Boston University School of Medicine in Massachusetts, USA and his colleagues demonstrate a potential MC1R-targeted intervention strategy in mice to rescue loss-of-function MC1R in MC1R RHC variants for therapeutic benefit by activating MC1R protein palmitoylation. MC1R palmitoylation, primarily mediated by the protein-acyl transferase ZDHHC, is essential for activating MC1R signalling, which triggers increased pigmentation, ultraviolet-B-induced G1-like cell cycle arrest and control of senescence and melanomagenesis in vitro and in vivo. Using C57BL/6J-Mc1re/eJ mice, in which endogenous MC1R is prematurely terminated, expressing Mc1r RHC variants, they show that pharmacological activation of palmitoylation rescues the defects of Mc1r RHC variants and prevents melanomagenesis. The results highlight a central role for MC1R palmitoylation in pigmentation and protection against melanoma.

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4. The neuropeptide neuromedin U stimulates innate lymphoid cells and type 2 inflammation

The type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 have important roles in stimulating innate and adaptive immune responses that are required for resistance to helminth infection, promotion of allergic inflammation, metabolic homeostasis and tissue repair. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) produce type 2 cytokines, and although advances have been made in understanding the cytokine milieu that promotes ILC2 responses, how ILC2 responses are regulated by other stimuli remains poorly understood. Here Christoph S. N. Klose at Cornell University in New York , USA and his colleagues demonstrate that ILC2s in the mouse gastrointestinal tract co-localize with cholinergic neurons that express the neuropeptide neuromedin U (NMU). In contrast to other haematopoietic cells, ILC2s selectively express the NMU receptor 1 (NMUR1). In vitro stimulation of ILC2s with NMU induced rapid cell activation, proliferation, and secretion of the type 2 cytokines IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 that was dependent on cell-intrinsic expression of NMUR1 and Gαq protein. In vivo administration of NMU triggered potent type 2 cytokine responses characterized by ILC2 activation, proliferation and eosinophil recruitment that was associated with accelerated expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or induction of lung inflammation. Conversely, worm burden was higher in Nmur1−/− mice than in control mice. Furthermore, use of gene-deficient mice and adoptive cell transfer experiments revealed that ILC2s were necessary and sufficient to mount NMU-elicited type 2 cytokine responses. Together, these data indicate that the NMU–NMUR1 neuronal signalling circuit provides a selective mechanism through which the enteric nervous system and innate immune system integrate to promote rapid type 2 cytokine responses that can induce anti-microbial, inflammatory and tissue-protective type 2 responses at mucosal sites.

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5. Structural basis of MsbA-mediated lipopolysaccharide transport

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is critical for the assembly of their cell envelopes. LPS synthesized in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the inner membrane is flipped to the periplasmic leaflet by MsbA, an ATP-binding cassette transporter. Despite substantial efforts, the structural mechanisms underlying MsbA-driven LPS flipping remain elusive. Here Wei Mi at Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts, USA and his colleagues use single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate the structures of lipid-nanodisc-embedded MsbA in three functional states. The 4.2 Å-resolution structure of the transmembrane domains of nucleotide-free MsbA reveals that LPS binds deep inside MsbA at the height of the periplasmic leaflet, establishing extensive hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with MsbA. Two sub-nanometre-resolution structures of MsbA with ADP-vanadate and ADP reveal an unprecedented closed and an inward-facing conformation, respectively. Their study uncovers the structural basis for LPS recognition, delineates the conformational transitions of MsbA to flip LPS, and paves the way for structural characterization of other lipid flippases.

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