Cytokeratin 6 Monoclonal Antibody review

Cytokeratins comprise a diverse group of intermediate filament proteins (IFPs) that are expressed as pairs in both keratinized and non-keratinized epithelial tissue, where they constitute up to 85% of mature keratinocytes in the vertebrate epidermis. Cytokeratins play a critical role in differentiation and tissue specialization and function to maintain the overall structural integrity of epithelial cells. The alpha-helical coiled-coil dimers associate laterally end-to-end to form 10 nm diameter filaments. Cytokeratins, which are useful markers of tissue differentiation, also aid in the characterization of malignant tumors. IL-1 and TNFα induce transcription of cytokeratin 6 in epidermal keratinocytes via the C/EBP β transcription factor. In humans, multiple isoforms of cytokeratin 6 (6A-6F), encoded by several highly homologous genes, have distinct tissue expression patterns, and cytokeratin 6A is the dominant form in epithelial tissue. The gene encoding human cytokeratin 6A maps to chromosome 12q13, and mutations in this gene are linked to several inheritable hair and skin pathologies.

Abbkine Cytokeratin 6 Monoclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The antibody detects endogenous Cytokeratin 6 proteins. It was validated for WB, IHC-p, IF and tested in Human. The original concentration of this antibody is 1mg/ml. During the experiment, optimal working dilutions should be explored by the researchers. The suggested starting dilution for WB is 1:2000;  IF/IHC-p 1: 200.

Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/PFA-fixed paraffin-embedded sections) analysis of human breast cancer tissue labelling Cytokeratin 6 with purified Abbkine Cytokeratin 6 Monoclonal Antibody at 1/200. Heat mediated antigen retrieval was performed using Tris/EDTA buffer pH 9. A HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) was used as the secondary antibody. Negative control using PBS instead of primary antibody. The signal produced is strong and the results are accord with my experiment expectation.

Abbkine Scientific launches the Cleaved-Caspase-3 p17 (D175) Polyclonal Antibody

Abbkine Scientific has announced the official launch of its new antibody, the Cleaved-Caspase-3 p17 (D175) Polyclonal Antibody. CASP3 Antibody as it is also called, enocdes caspase 3, a member of the -aspartic acid protease (caspase) family. The sequential activation of caspases has been identified to play a significant role in the execution of phase of cell apoptosis, making the CPP32 Antibody an effective scientific research tool.

SREBP cleavage activity 1 Antibody possesses the dominant caspase involved in the cleavage of amyloid-beta 4A precusor protein, a substance associated with neuronal death in Alzheimer’s disease. This makes the antibody particularly useful in life science research.

Caspase-3 p17 Antibody is available in a liquid solution allowing for easy application. Other features of the antibody include

• Immunogen – Synthesized peptide derived from the internal region of human Caspase-3 p17. at AA rangle: 100-180


• Host – Rabbit


• Reactivity – Human, Mouse, Rat


• Applications – ELISA, IF, IHC-p, WB


• Clonality – Polyclonal


• Isotype – Rabbit IgG


• Concentration – 1 mg/ml


• Purification – affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogen

The antibody can be stored at a stable temperature of -20°C for one year from the shipment. The investigator can determine the optimal working dilutions. However, the suggested starting dilutions are WB: 1:500-1:2000, IHC-p: 1:100-1:300, ELISA: 1:20000.

About Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd is scientific research company founded in 2012 by number of scientists and marketing experts in the field of life science in California, USA. The company is headquartered in China and has effectively combined cutting edge technology from United States with China's manufacturing engineering and cost advantages to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research and drug discovery.

Easy-to-use DyLight® conjugated secondary antibodies

DyLight fluorescent dyes are a new family of dyes with improved brightness and photostability. Abbkine offers comprehensive portfolio of DyLight® conjugated secondary antibodies with high specifc and multiple applications to meet and satisfy your most types of immunoassay.

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Review of Caspase 9 Monoclonal Antibody

Abbkine Scientific has gradually become a household name in the scientific research field, providing effective and innovative research tools and products to investigators and scientific researchers. The company has again come up with another product called Caspase 9 Monoclonal Antibody. Otherwise known as Caspase-9 antibody, the antibody joins the long list of such antibodies from the stables of the scientific research giant.

The Caspase 9 apoptosis related cysteine peptidase antibody belongs to the family of the cysteine-aspartic acid protease also called caspase. The substance has been identified to play a pivotal role in the execution phase of cell apoptosis. This is particularly true with the sequential activation of the substance. This is one of the features that have made the substance popular in the field of life sciences.

Caspases is found as inactive proenzymes that undergo the process of proteolytic at conserved aspartic residues. This is done for the production of large and small subunits that subsequently dimerize leading to the formation of the active enzyme.

Caspase 9 has also been identified to be able to undergo the process of autoproteolytic and apoptosome activation, which is a protein complex of cytochrome c and the apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1. History has it that this step is one of the earliest used in the activation of caspase.

In addition to be an important player in cell apoptosis execution phase, Caspase 9 also plays an important role in apoptosis and to be a tumor suppressor.

Features of Caspase 9 Monoclonal Antibody

Like the other scientific products and tools made by Abbkine Scientific, the MCH6 antibody comes with different features. While some of its features have further endeared the brand to many scientists across the globe, critiques have been looking for some of the flaws of the product.

Below are some of the many features of the antibody that has made it beneficial for scientific research purposes.

• The product is available in liquid solution for easy application


• It has a storage buffer of PBS, pH 7.4, containing 0.02% sodium azide as Preservative and 50% Glycerol


• Its concentration is 1 mg/ml


• Applications of the antibody include Applications IF, IHC-p, IP, and WB


• It is monoclonal


• Its isotype is Mouse IgG1


• It has a synthetic peptide immunogen


• The mouse is its host


• The reactivity include mouse, rat and human

Pros of Caspase 9 Monoclonal Antibody

The antibody comes with great features that have distinguished it from its counterparts. Some of the advantages of the Caspase 9 Monoclonal Antibody in comparison to other such antibodies are briefly highlighted below.

• It is easy to apply as it comes in liquid solution


• It is durable and can last for as much a year from date of shipment if stored under a stable temperature of -20°C


• The product was purified using the latest technology, being affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography with the use of specific immunogen

Cons of Caspase 9 Monoclonal Antibody

The product has not been associated with any defect so far. However, time will tell on the efficacy and efficiency of the Caspase 9 Monoclonal Antibody.

Conclusion

The Caspase 9 Monoclonal Antibody is definitely one that is here to stay. The makers have strongly advised against using the antibody in in human or clinical diagnosis, as it was made for research use only.

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Colonic Organoids via Transient Activation of BMP Signaling

Topics overview: Highlight ITGA7 can act as a glioblastoma biomarker and candidate therapeutic target, Transient Activation of BMP Signaling, The function of Intestinal Enteroendocrine Lineage Cells, How stem cells are triggered to enter this proliferative TA state, The role of immune cells in lung regeneration.

1. Integrin α7 Is a Functional Marker and Potential Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma

Functionally relevant markers of glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) have potential for therapeutic targeting to treat this aggressive disease. Here Tobias L. Haas at Institute of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Rome, Italy and his colleagues used generation and screening of thousands of monoclonal antibodies to search for receptors and signaling pathways preferentially enriched in GSCs. They identified integrin α7 (ITGA7) as a major laminin receptor in GSCs and in primary high-grade glioma specimens. Analyses of mRNA profiles in comprehensive datasets revealed that high ITGA7 expression negatively correlated with survival of patients with both low- and high-grade glioma. In vitro and in vivo analyses showed that ITGA7 plays a key functional role in growth and invasiveness of GSCs. They also found that targeting of ITGA7 by RNAi or blocking mAbs impaired laminin-induced signaling, and it led to a significant delay in tumor engraftment plus a strong reduction in tumor size and invasion. Their data, therefore, highlight ITGA7 as a glioblastoma biomarker and candidate therapeutic target.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(17)30137-6

2. Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Colonic Organoids via Transient Activation of BMP Signaling

Gastric and small intestinal organoids differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have revolutionized the study of gastrointestinal development and disease. Distal gut tissues such as cecum and colon, however, have proved considerably more challenging to derive in vitro. Here Jorge O. Múnera at Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation in Cincinnati, USA and his colleagues report the differentiation of human colonic organoids (HCOs) from hPSCs. They found that BMP signaling is required to establish a posterior SATB2+ domain in developing and postnatal intestinal epithelium. Brief activation of BMP signaling is sufficient to activate a posterior HOX code and direct hPSC-derived gut tube cultures into HCOs. In vitro, HCOs express colonic markers and contained colon-specific cell populations. Following transplantation into mice, HCOs undergo morphogenesis and maturation to form tissue that exhibits molecular, cellular, and morphologic properties of human colon. Together these data show BMP-dependent patterning of human hindgut into HCOs, which will be valuable for studying diseases including colitis and colon cancer.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(17)30226-6

3. Intestinal Enteroendocrine Lineage Cells Possess Homeostatic and Injury-Inducible Stem Cell Activity

Several cell populations have been reported to possess intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity during homeostasis and injury-induced regeneration. Here, Kelley S. Yan at Stanford University School of Medicine in Stanford, USA and his colleagues explored inter-relationships between putative mouse ISC populations by comparative RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). The transcriptomes of multiple cycling ISC populations closely resembled Lgr5⁺ ISCs, the most well-defined ISC pool, but Bmi1-GFP⁺ cells were distinct and enriched for enteroendocrine (EE) markers, including Prox1. Prox1-GFP⁺ cells exhibited sustained clonogenic growth in vitro, and lineage-tracing of Prox1⁺ cells revealed long-lived clones during homeostasis and after radiation-induced injury in vivo. Single-cell mRNA-seq revealed two subsets of Prox1-GFP⁺ cells, one of which resembled mature EE cells while the other displayed low-level EE gene expression but co-expressed tuft cell markers, Lgr5 and Ascl2, reminiscent of label-retaining secretory progenitors. Their data suggest that the EE lineage, including mature EE cells, comprises a reservoir of homeostatic and injury-inducible ISCs, extending our understanding of cellular plasticity and stemness.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(17)30240-0

4. An FAK-YAP-mTOR Signaling Axis Regulates Stem Cell-Based Tissue Renewal in Mice

Tissue homeostasis requires the production of newly differentiated cells from resident adult stem cells. Central to this process is the expansion of undifferentiated intermediates known as transit-amplifying (TA) cells, but how stem cells are triggered to enter this proliferative TA state remains an important open question. Using the continuously growing mouse incisor as a model of stem cell-based tissue renewal, Jimmy Kuang-Hsien Hu at University of California in San Francisco, USA and his colleagues found that the transcriptional cofactors YAP and TAZ are required both to maintain TA cell proliferation and to inhibit differentiation. Specifically, they identified a pathway involving activation of integrin α3 in TA cells that signals through an LATS-independent FAK/CDC42/PP1A cascade to control YAP-S397 phosphorylation and nuclear localization. This leads to Rheb expression and potentiates mTOR signaling to drive the proliferation of TA cells. These findings thus reveal a YAP/TAZ signaling mechanism that coordinates stem cell expansion and differentiation during organ renewal, the authors suggest.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(17)30094-2

5. Recruited Monocytes and Type 2 Immunity Promote Lung Regeneration following Pneumonectomy

To investigate the role of immune cells in lung regeneration, Andrew J. Lechner at University of California in San Francisco, USA and his colleagues used a unilateral pneumonectomy model that promotes the formation of new alveoli in the remaining lobes. Immunofluorescence and single-cell RNA sequencing found CD115+ and CCR2+ monocytes and M2-like macrophages accumulating in the lung during the peak of type 2 alveolar epithelial stem cell (AEC2) proliferation. Genetic loss of function in mice and adoptive transfer studies revealed that bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) traffic to the lung through a CCL2-CCR2 chemokine axis and are required for optimal lung regeneration, along with Il4ra-expressing leukocytes. Their data suggest that these cells modulate AEC2 proliferation and differentiation. Finally, they provide evidence that group 2 innate lymphoid cells are a source of IL-13, which promotes lung regeneration. Together, their data highlight the potential for immunomodulatory therapies to stimulate alveologenesis in adults.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(17)30095-4

Collagen IV Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (8E5) review

Collagen IV (ColIV or Col4) is a type of collagen found primarily in the basal lamina. The collagen IV C4 domain at the C-terminus is not removed in post-translational processing, and the fibers link head-to-head, rather than in parallel. Also, collagen IV lacks the regular glycine in every third residue necessary for the tight, collagen helix. This makes the overall arrangement more sloppy with kinks. These two features cause the collagen to form in a sheet, the form of the basal lamina. Type IV collagen is the major structural component of glomerular basement membranes (GBM), forming a 'chicken-wire' meshwork together with laminins, proteoglycans and entactin/nidogen. Arresten, comprising the C-terminal NC1 domain, inhibits angiogenesis and tumor formation. The C-terminal half is found to possess the anti-angiogenic activity. Specifically inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. Inhibits expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha and ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. Ligand for alpha1/beta1 integrin.

Abbkine Collagen IV Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (8E5) was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The immunogen of this antibody is synthetic peptide of Collagen IV. This antibody could be applied to IF and IHC-p experiments. It can react with human, rat and mouse samples. The original concentration of this antibody is 1mg/ml. During the experiment, optimal working dilutions should be explored by the researchers. The suggested starting dilution for IHC-p is 1:50-200.

I conducted immunofluorescence analysis in mouse spleen tissue by using Abbkine Collagen IV Mouse Monoclonal Antibody. The antibody was diluted at 1:200. The fluorescence signal produced is strong and the results are accord with my experiment expectation. This is my first time to use Abbkine antibody, and find this is a good brand. The antibody has good specificity, reliable quality and the price is cheaper. I want to recommend it to my friends.

ERCC1 Monoclonal Antibody review

DNA repair systems operate in all living cells to manage a variety of DNA lesions. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is implemented in cases where bulky helix-distorting lesions occur, such as those brought about by UV and certain chemicals. Excision Repair Cross Complementing 1 (ERCC1) forms a complex with ERCC4/XPF, which acts as the 5’endonuclease required to excise the lesion. ERCC1-XPF is also required for repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) and involved in repair of double strand breaks. Research studies have shown that expression of ERCC1 is related to survival rate and response to chemotherapeutic drugs in several human cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Abbkine ERCC1 Monoclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The antibody detects human ERCC1 proteins and was validated for WB. Abbkine suggested the starting dilutions for WB was 1:1000, but the optimal working dilutions should be determined experimentally by the end user. The concentration of the antibody is 1mg/ml.

Western blot analysis of extracts from HeLa and HepG2 cells using Abbkine ERCC1 Monoclonal Antibody at 1/1000 dilution. The observed band size was about 36 kDa. Apart from the performance of the antibody, Due to the excellent communication, this overseas divide did not pose an issue other that the usual annoyances of having to ship materials internationally. The product and service are well worth the money.

TGF-β promotes PI3K-AKT signaling and prostate cancer cell migration through the TRAF6-mediated ubiquitylation of p85α

Topics overview: Peripheral nerves serve as a stem cell niche for neuroendocrine system development, Different lineage relationships between lymphatic and distant metastases exist in colorectal cancer, TMEM-mediated mechanism, New found of  Glucose-regulated protein 78, TGF-β activates and PI3K-AKT pathway.

1. Multipotent peripheral glial cells generate neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla

Adrenaline is a fundamental circulating hormone for bodily responses to internal and external stressors. Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (AM) represent the main neuroendocrine adrenergic component and are believed to differentiate from neural crest cells. Alessandro Furlan at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden and his colleagues demonstrate that large numbers of chromaffin cells arise from peripheral glial stem cells, termed Schwann cell precursors (SCPs). SCPs migrate along the visceral motor nerve to the vicinity of the forming adrenal gland, where they detach from the nerve and form postsynaptic neuroendocrine chromaffin cells. An intricate molecular logic drives two sequential phases of gene expression, one unique for a distinct transient cellular state and another for cell type specification. Subsequently, these programs down-regulate SCP-gene and up-regulate chromaffin cell–gene networks. The AM forms through limited cell expansion and requires the recruitment of numerous SCPs. Thus, peripheral nerves serve as a stem cell niche for neuroendocrine system development.

Read more, please click http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6346/eaal3753

2. Origins of lymphatic and distant metastases in human colorectal cancer

The spread of cancer cells from primary tumors to regional lymph nodes is often associated with reduced survival. One prevailing model to explain this association posits that fatal, distant metastases are seeded by lymph node metastases. This view provides a mechanistic basis for the TNM staging system and is the rationale for surgical resection of tumor-draining lymph nodes. Here Kamila Naxerova at Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, USA and his colleagues examine the evolutionary relationship between primary tumor, lymph node, and distant metastases in human colorectal cancer. Studying 213 archival biopsy samples from 17 patients, they used somatic variants in hypermutable DNA regions to reconstruct high-confidence phylogenetic trees. They found that in 65% of cases, lymphatic and distant metastases arose from independent subclones in the primary tumor, whereas in 35% of cases they shared common subclonal origin. Therefore, two different lineage relationships between lymphatic and distant metastases exist in colorectal cancer, the authors suggest.

Read more, please click http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6346/55

3. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces breast cancer metastasis through a TMEM-mediated mechanism

Breast cancer cells disseminate through TIE2/MENA^Calc/ MENA^INV -dependent cancer cell intravasation sites, called tumor microenvironment of metastasis (TMEM), which are clinically validated as prognostic markers of metastasis in breast cancer patients. Using fixed tissue and intravital imaging of a PyMT murine model and patient-derived xenografts, George S. Karagiannis at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in Bronx, USA and his colleagues show that chemotherapy increases the density and activity of TMEM sites and Mena expression and promotes distant metastasis. Moreover, in the residual breast cancers of patients treated with neoadjuvant paclitaxel after doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide, TMEM score and its mechanistically connected MENA^INV isoform expression pattern were both increased, suggesting that chemotherapy, despite decreasing tumor size, increases the risk of metastatic dissemination. Chemotherapy-induced TMEM activity and cancer cell dissemination were reversed by either administration of the TIE2 inhibitor rebastinib or knockdown of the MENA gene. Their results indicate that TMEM score increases and MENA isoform expression pattern changes with chemotherapy and can be used in predicting prometastatic changes in response to chemotherapy. Furthermore, inhibitors of TMEM function may improve clinical benefits of chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting or in metastatic disease.

Read more, please click http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/397/eaan0026

4. Glucose-regulated protein 78 autoantibody associates with blood-brain barrier disruption in neuromyelitis optica

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disorder mediated by antibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) with prominent blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in the acute phase of the disease. Anti-AQP4 antibodies are produced mainly in the periphery, yet they target the astrocyte perivascular end feet behind the BBB. Fumitaka Shimizu at Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine in Yamaguchi, Japan and his colleagues reasoned that an endothelial cell–targeted autoantibody might promote BBB transit of AQP4 antibodies and facilitate NMO attacks. Using monoclonal recombinant antibodies (rAbs) from patients with NMO, they identified two that strongly bound to the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Exposure of BMECs to these rAbs resulted in nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB p65, decreased claudin-5 protein expression, and enhanced transit of macromolecules. Unbiased membrane proteomics identified glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) as the rAb target. Using immobilized GRP78 to deplete GRP78 antibodies from pooled total immunoglobulin G (IgG) of 50 NMO patients (NMO-IgG) reduced the biological effect of NMO-IgG on BMECs. GRP78 was expressed on the surface of murine BMECs in vivo, and repeated administration of a GRP78-specific rAb caused extravasation of serum albumin, IgG, and fibrinogen into mouse brains. Their results identify GRP78 antibodies as a potential component of NMO pathogenesis and GRP78 as a candidate target for promoting central nervous system transit of therapeutic antibodies.

Read more, please click http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/9/397/eaai9111

5. TGF-β promotes PI3K-AKT signaling and prostate cancer cell migration through the TRAF6-mediated ubiquitylation of p85α

Transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) is a pluripotent cytokine that regulates cell fate and plasticity in normal tissues and tumors. The multifunctional cellular responses evoked by TGF-β are mediated by the canonical SMAD pathway and by noncanonical pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K)–protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. Anahita Hamidi at Uppsala University in Uppsala, Sweden and her colleagues found that TGF-β activated PI3K in a manner dependent on the activity of the E3 ubiquitin ligase tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 6 (TRAF6). TRAF6 polyubiquitylated the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α and promoted the formation of a complex between the TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI) and p85α, which led to the activation of PI3K and AKT. Lys⁶³-linked polyubiquitylation of p85α on Lys⁵¹³ and Lys⁵¹⁹ in the iSH2 (inter–Src homology 2) domain was required for TGF-β–induced activation of PI3K-AKT signaling and cell motility in prostate cancer cells and activated macrophages. Unlike the activation of SMAD pathways, the TRAF6-mediated activation of PI3K and AKT was not dependent on the kinase activity of TβRI. In situ proximity ligation assays revealed that polyubiquitylation of p85α was evident in aggressive prostate cancer tissues. Thus, their data reveal a molecular mechanism by which TGF-β activates the PI3K-AKT pathway to drive cell migration.

Read more, please click http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/10/486/eaal4186

Abbkine Scientific achieves another milestone with the Anti-Myc Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (2D5)

Anti-Myc Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (2D5) is the latest milestone achievement from the stables of giant scientific research company, Abbkine Scientific Company Limited. The company recently announced the launch of the antibody, manufactured using cutting edge technology in a bid to make science research easier and more effective.

Myc Tag Mouse mAb can be used for affinity chromatography, as well as for separating recombinant and over-expressed protein from wild type protein expressed by the host organism. Myc tag is also useful for isolating protein complexes with multiple subunits．Myc Tag Antibody is monoclonal and affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The product is available in a liquid solution, allowing for flexibility on the part of the user.

Anti-Myc Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (2D5) is synthetic peptide immunogen, with IF, IP, WB applications and suggested starting dilutions of WB 1:5000, IP: 1:200, IF: 1:1000. However, investigators are advised to determine the optimal working dilutions experimentally.　The product can be stored for a maximum of one year under a stable temperature of -20°C from date of shipment, with a storage buffer of Liquid in PBS, pH 7.4, containing 0.02% sodium azide as preservative and 50% Glycerol.

Anti-Myc Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (2D5) is strictly meant for research use only and not intended for use in human or clinical diagnosis.

About Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd is scientific research company founded in 2012 by number of scientists and marketing experts in the field of life science in California, USA. The company is headquartered in China and has effectively combined cutting edge technology from United States with China's manufacturing engineering and cost advantages to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research and drug discovery.

ATG5 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (3C7) Review

ATG5, also named as APG5L and ASP, belongs to the ATG5 family. It is required for autophagy. It plays an important role in the apoptotic process, possibly within the modified cytoskeleton. Its expression is a relatively late event in the apoptotic process, occurring downstream of caspase activity. Autophagy is a catabolic process for the autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of bulk cytoplasmic contents. Formation of the autophagosome involves a ubiquitin-like conjugation system in which Atg12 is covalently bound to Atg5 and targeted to autophagosome vesicles. It mediates autophagosome-independent host protection.

ATG5 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (3C7) was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using the recombinant protein of ATG5 immunogen. This antibody can be used to detect endogenous ATG5 protein in the sample of Human, Mouse and Rat. It had been proved perfect effects in IF, IHC-p, WB experiments. The original concentration of this antibody is 1mg/ml. According to your own situation, optimal working dilutions should be explored. The suggested starting dilutions are as follows: WB: 1:500-2000, IHC-p: 1:50-2000.

On the advice of a friend, I purchased a ATG5 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (3C7) from Abbkine. At the beginning, I just want to try, because I haven’t used this brand. Frankly speaking, I’m a bit afraid about its quality. However, I quickly dismissed the idea. Firstly, I received the product soon after placing the order. Secondly, I got perfect results. I conduct immunohistochemical analysis in human breast tissue by using this antibody. In addition, the technical support is very professional. They can solve the problems during the experiment in time and give technical advice. I really appreciate this experience, I will continue to use Abbkine products. This is a trustworthy brand.

CA IX Monoclonal Antibody Review

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme that assists rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions. It is abundant in all mammalian tissues. Because of its functionality, it has become an important diagnostic marker for various cancers, most notably renal cell carcinoma (RCC). There are many genes that are inducible by hypoxia, via HIF-1 alpha. CA IX is one of the most inducible genes because of its stability and location within the membrane. Carbonic anhydrases have a widespread role in regulating pH in normal tissues, by regulating hydrogen ion (H+) flux. The pH is important in cell death under hypoxia, thus a blockade of CA IX results in increased cell death under hypoxia. Therefore, CA IX has become a reliable histochemical marker of hypoxia.

Abbkine CA IX Monoclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The antibody detects endogenous CA IX proteins in human samples and was validated for WB, IP, IF, IHC-p. Abbkine suggested the starting dilutions for WB was 1:3000, IP: 1:200, IF: 1:200, IHC-p: 1:200, but the optimal working dilutions should be determined experimentally by the end user. The concentration of the antibody is 1mg/ml.

The CA IX Monoclonal Antibody is performing very well for our research clinical trials. We used it on human lung cancer tissue for clinical trials to verify results that we had gotten from an antibody from another manufacturer. The Abbkine CA IX Monoclonal Antibody worked even better. It was able to detect CA IX proteins . We first tried the recommended IHC-p: 1:200 concentration and it worked great. The signal produced was very strong and clear. The sensitivity of the antibody was also perfect. Apart from the performance of the antibody, it was also great to be able to order the antibody in trial-sized quantities.

Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance of Neuro-immune Communication

Topics overview: The mechanisms of peripheral sensory neuronal function, Medulloblastoma subtypes identified through integrative clustering, The new function of FUT8, Inhibition of B Cell Receptor Signaling by Ibrutinib, Age-dependent dysfunction of bone and hematopoietic regeneration.

1. Mechanisms and Therapeutic Relevance of Neuro-immune Communication
Active research at the frontiers of immunology and neuroscience has identified multiple points of interaction and communication between the immune system and the nervous system. Immune cell activation stimulates neuronal circuits that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. Molecular mechanistic insights into the inflammatory reflex and other neuro-immune interactions have greatly advanced our understanding of immunity and identified new therapeutic possibilities in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Recent successful clinical trials using bioelectronic devices that modulate the inflammatory reflex to significantly ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease provide a path for using electrons as a therapeutic modality for targeting molecular mechanisms of immunity. Here, Sangeeta S. Chavan at Feinstein Institute for Medical Research in Manhasset, USA and his colleagues review mechanisms of peripheral sensory neuronal function in response to immune challenges, the neural regulation of immunity and inflammation, and the therapeutic implications of those mechanistic insights.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(17)30236-4

2. Intertumoral Heterogeneity within Medulloblastoma Subgroups

While molecular subgrouping has revolutionized medulloblastoma classification, the extent of heterogeneity within subgroups is unknown. Similarity network fusion (SNF) applied to genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression data across 763 primary samples identifies very homogeneous clusters of patients, supporting the presence of medulloblastoma subtypes. After integration of somatic copy-number alterations, and clinical features specific to each cluster, Florence M.G. Cavalli at The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre in Toronto, Canada and his colleagues identify 12 different subtypes of medulloblastoma. Integrative analysis using SNF further delineates group 3 from group 4 medulloblastoma, which is not as readily apparent through analyses of individual data types. Two clear subtypes of infants with Sonic Hedgehog medulloblastoma with disparate outcomes and biology are identified. Medulloblastoma subtypes identified through integrative clustering have important implications for stratification of future clinical trials, the authors suggest.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/fulltext/S1535-6108(17)30201-5

3. A Systems Biology Approach Identifies FUT8 as a Driver of Melanoma Metastasis

Association of aberrant glycosylation with melanoma progression is based mainly on analyses of cell lines. Here Praveen Agrawal at New York University School of Medicine in New York, USA and his colleagues present a systems-based study of glycomic changes and corresponding enzymes associated with melanoma metastasis in patient samples. Upregulation of core fucosylation (FUT8) and downregulation of α-1,2 fucosylation (FUT1, FUT2) were identified as features of metastatic melanoma. Using both in vitro and in vivo studies, they demonstrate FUT8 is a driver of melanoma metastasis which, when silenced, suppresses invasion and tumor dissemination. Glycoprotein targets of FUT8 were enriched in cell migration proteins including the adhesion molecule L1CAM. Core fucosylation impacted L1CAM cleavage and the ability of L1CAM to support melanoma invasion. FUT8 and its targets represent therapeutic targets in melanoma metastasis, the authors suggest.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/fulltext/S1535-6108(17)30203-9

4. Inhibition of B Cell Receptor Signaling by Ibrutinib in Primary CNS Lymphoma

Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) harbors mutations that reinforce B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Ibrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, targets BCR signaling and is particularly active in lymphomas with mutations altering the BCR subunit CD79B and MYD88. Michail S. Lionakis at National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, USA and his colleagues performed a proof-of-concept phase Ib study of ibrutinib monotherapy followed by ibrutinib plus chemotherapy (DA-TEDDi-R). In 18 PCNSL patients, 94% showed tumor reductions with ibrutinib alone, including patients having PCNSL with CD79B and/or MYD88 mutations, and 86% of evaluable patients achieved complete remission with DA-TEDDi-R. Increased aspergillosis was observed with ibrutinib monotherapy and DA-TEDDi-R. Aspergillosis was linked to BTK-dependent fungal immunity in a murine model. PCNSL is highly dependent on BCR signaling, and ibrutinib appears to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/fulltext/S1535-6108(17)30167-8

5. Adipocyte Accumulation in the Bone Marrow during Obesity and Aging Impairs Stem Cell-Based Hematopoietic and Bone Regeneration

Aging and obesity induce ectopic adipocyte accumulation in bone marrow cavities. This process is thought to impair osteogenic and hematopoietic regeneration. Here Thomas H. Ambrosi at German Institute of Human Nutrition in Nuthetal, Germany and his colleagues specify the cellular identities of the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages of the bone. While aging impairs the osteogenic lineage, high-fat diet feeding activates expansion of the adipogenic lineage, an effect that is significantly enhanced in aged animals. They further describe a mesenchymal sub-population with stem cell-like characteristics that gives rise to both lineages and, at the same time, acts as a principal component of the hematopoietic niche by promoting competitive repopulation following lethal irradiation. Conversely, bone-resident cells committed to the adipocytic lineage inhibit hematopoiesis and bone healing, potentially by producing excessive amounts of Dipeptidyl peptidase-4, a protease that is a target of diabetes therapies. These studies delineate the molecular identity of the bone-resident adipocytic lineage, and they establish its involvement in age-dependent dysfunction of bone and hematopoietic regeneration.

Read more, please click http://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/fulltext/S1934-5909(17)30042-5

Anti-HA Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (4F6) – Abbkine Scientific’s new baby

Abbkine Scientific has added Anti-HA Tag Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (4F6) to its illustrious list of effective science research tools and products, officially making it available to the public for research purposes.

The HA epitope tag antibody as it is also known is monoclonal with Isotype Mouse IgG. Human influenza hemagglutinin tag or HA tag comes from the HA-molecule that corresponds to amino acids 98-106. It has been subsequently used as a general epitope tag in expressing vectors.

The hemagglutinin antibody has been described as unique by many after tests, especially as many recombinant proteins have been engineered to express the HA tag, without appear to interfere with the bioactivity or the biodistribution of the recombinant protein.

Otherwise known as the HA1 antibody, the product has several other features, which include

• Immunogen : Synthetic Peptide


• Host : Mouse


• Applications : IF, IP, WB

Available in a liquid solution, the manufacturers advise that the investigator determines the optimal working dilutions experimentally, while suggesting starting dilutions of WB 1:5000, IP: 1:200, IF: 1:1000.

The HA antibody is also reported to have been affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen.

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About Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd

Abbkine Scientific Co. Ltd is scientific research company founded in 2012 by number of scientists and marketing experts in the field of life science in California, USA. The company is headquartered in China and has effectively combined cutting edge technology from United States with China's manufacturing engineering and cost advantages to provide innovative, high quality assay kits, recombinant proteins, antibodies and other research tools to accelerate life science fundamental research and drug discovery.

ERK1 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (5E9) Review

MAPK1 encodes a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases, also known as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), act in a signaling cascade that regulates various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell cycle progression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. This kinase is activated by upstream kinases, resulting in its translocation to the nucleus where it phosphorylates nuclear targets. One study also suggests that this protein acts as a transcriptional repressor independent of its kinase activity. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein, but differing in the UTRs, have been reported for MAPK1.

Abbkine ERK1 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (5E9) was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The concentration of this antibody is 1mg/ml. This antibody could be applied to IF and IHC-p experiments. It can react with human, rat and mouse samples. Optimal working dilutions should be determined experimentally by the investigator. The suggested starting dilution for IHC-p is 1:100-200.

As for our new project, we need to detect the endogenous ERK1 protein in human uterus tissue. I conducted the Immunohistochemistry experiments, using the Abbkine ERK1 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody. The conditions are as follows: ERK1 Mouse Monoclonal Antibody (5E9) was diluted at 1:200 (4°C, overnight). Finally, the results are amazing and my mentor was very satisfied with this.  I have to say that Abbkine antibody has high specificity and strong stability. Recently, I want to recommend it to one of my friends in The University of Manchester.

Featured IPKine™ secondary antibody for Western Blot after Immunoprecipitation

25 kD or 50 kD protein detection on Western blots after Immunoprecipitation is often suffered from heavy or light chain blotting contamination. Abbkine’s IPKine™ products could solve these problems and bring you satisfying results with good performance.

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AFP alpha 1 Fetoprotein Monoclonal Antibody Review

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q25). AFP is a major plasma protein produced by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal development. It is thought to be the fetal form of serum albumin. AFP binds to copper, nickel, fatty acids and bilirubin and is found in monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms.

Abbkine AFP alpha 1 Fetoprotein Monoclonal Antibody was affinity-purified from mouse ascites by affinity-chromatography using specific immunogen. The antibody reacts with human alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) and was validated for WB, IF, IHC-p. Abbkine suggested the starting dilutions for WB was 1:2000, IF: 1:200, IHC-p: 1:200, but the optimal working dilutions should be determined experimentally by the end user. The concentration of the antibody is 1mg/ml.

Abbkine AFP alpha 1 Fetoprotein Monoclonal Antibody was used in Immunofluorescence analysis of human breast cancer tissue. It was diluted at 1:200 (4°C, overnight). IFKine red  anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody was diluted at 1:300 (room temperature, 50min). There was a stronger IF signal and the signal is localizing where I expect it to. I give it a high recommendation and plan to use it again.